Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

со всех языков на все языки

A Text-book of Papermaking

  • 1 Bevan, Edward John

    [br]
    b. 11 December 1856 Birkenhead, England
    d. 17 October 1921 London, England
    [br]
    English co-inventor of the " viscose rayon " process for making artificial silk.
    [br]
    Bevan began his working life as a chemist in a soap works at Runcorn, but later studied chemistry at Owens College, Manchester. It was there that he met and formed a friendship with C.F. Cross, with whom he started to work on cellulose. Bevan moved to a paper mill in Scotland but then went south to London, where he and Cross set up a partnership in 1885 as consulting and analytical chemists. Their work was mainly concerned with the industrial utilization of cellulose, and with the problems of the paper and jute industries. Their joint publication, A Text-book of Paper-making, which first appeared in 1888 and went into several editions, became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The book has a long introductory chapter on cellulose.
    In 1892 Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle discovered viscose, or sodium cellulose xanthate, and took out the patent which was to be the foundation of the "viscose rayon" industry. They had their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens, where they carried out much work that eventually resulted in viscose: cellulose, usually in the form of wood pulp, was treated first with caustic soda and then with carbon disulphide to form the xanthate, which was then dissolved in a solution of dilute caustic soda to produce a viscous liquid. After being aged, the viscose was extruded through fine holes in a spinneret and coagulated in a dilute acid to regenerate the cellulose as spinnable fibres. At first there was no suggestion of spinning it into fibre, but the hope was to use it for filaments in incandescent electric light bulbs. The sheen on the fibres suggested their possible use in textiles and the term "artificial silk" was later introduced. Cross and Bevan also discovered the acetate "Celanese", which was cellulose triacetate dissolved in acetone and spun in air, but both inventions needed much development before they could be produced commercially.
    In 1892 Bevan turned from cellulose to food and drugs and left the partnership to become Public Analyst to Middlesex County Council, a post he held until his death, although in 1895 he and Cross published their important work Cellulose. He was prominent in the affairs of the Society of Public Analysts and became one of its officials.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1888, with C.F.Cross, A Text-book of Papermaking.
    1892, with C.F.Cross and C.Beadle, British patent no. 8,700 (viscose). 1895, with C.F.Cross, Cellulose.
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1921, Journal of the Chemical Society.
    Obituary, 1921, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry.
    Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Bevan, Edward John

  • 2 Cross, Charles Frederick

    [br]
    b. 11 December 1855 Brentwood, Middlesex, England
    d. 15 April 1935 Hove, England
    [br]
    English chemist who contributed to the development of viscose rayon from cellulose.
    [br]
    Cross was educated at the universities of London, Zurich and Manchester. It was at Owens College, Manchester, that Cross first met E.J. Bevan and where these two first worked together on the nature of cellulose. After gaining some industrial experience, Cross joined Bevan to set up a partnership in London as analytical and consulting chemists, specializing in the chemistry and technology of cellulose and lignin. They were at the Jodrell laboratory, Kew Gardens, for a time and then set up their own laboratory at Station Avenue, Kew Gardens. In 1888, the first edition of their joint publication A Textbook of Paper-making, appeared. It went into several editions and became the standard reference and textbook on the subject. The long introductory chapter is a discourse on cellulose.
    In 1892, Cross, Bevan and Clayton Beadle took out their historic patent on the solution and regeneration of cellulose. The modern artificial-fibre industry stems from this patent. They made their discovery at New Court, Carey Street, London: wood-pulp (or another cheap form of cellulose) was dissolved in a mixture of carbon disulphide and aqueous alkali to produce sodium xanthate. After maturing, it was squirted through fine holes into dilute acid, which set the liquid to give spinnable fibres of "viscose". However, it was many years before the process became a commercial operation, partly because the use of a natural raw material such as wood involved variations in chemical content and each batch might react differently. At first it was thought that viscose might be suitable for incandescent lamp filaments, and C.H.Stearn, a collaborator with Cross, continued to investigate this possibility, but the sheen on the fibres suggested that viscose might be made into artificial silk. The original Viscose Spinning Syndicate was formed in 1894 and a place was rented at Erith in Kent. However, it was not until some skeins of artificial silk (a term to which Cross himself objected) were displayed in Paris that textile manufacturers began to take an interest in it. It was then that Courtaulds decided to investigate this new fibre, although it was not until 1904 that they bought the English patents and developed the first artificial silk that was later called "rayon". Cross was also concerned with the development of viscose films and of cellulose acetate, which became a rival to rayon in the form of "Celanese". He retained his interest in the paper industry and in publishing, in 1895 again collaborating with Bevan and publishing a book on Cellulose and other technical articles. He was a cultured man and a good musician. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1917.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1917.
    Bibliography
    1888, with E.J.Bevan, A Text-book of Papermaking. 1892, British patent no. 8,700 (cellulose).
    Further Reading
    Obituary Notices of the Royal Society, 1935, London. Obituary, 1935, Journal of the Chemical Society 1,337. Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.
    Edwin J.Beer, 1962–3, "The birth of viscose rayon", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 35 (an account of the problems of developing viscose rayon; Beer worked under Cross in the Kew laboratories).
    C.Singer (ed.), 1978, A History of Technology, Vol. VI, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cross, Charles Frederick

  • 3 confección

    f.
    1 confection, handicraft, manufacture, making.
    2 make-up of clothes.
    3 concoction.
    * * *
    1 (acción) dressmaking, tailoring; (ropa) off-the-peg clothes plural, ready-to-wear clothes plural
    2 (realización) making, making up
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=preparación) making-up, preparation
    2) (Cos) dressmaking
    3) (Farm) concoction, preparation
    * * *
    a) ( de trajes) tailoring; ( de vestidos) dressmaking

    de confección — ready-to-wear, off-the-peg

    b) ( de artefactos) making
    c) (de folleto, periódico) production; ( de lista) drawing-up
    d) ( de medicina) preparation
    * * *
    = assignment, authoring, build-up [buildup], drafting.
    Ex. Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.
    Ex. This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex. No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex. The preliminary work began immediately with the drafting of a questionnaire designed to collect pertinent data on the distribution of authority files.
    ----
    * compañía de confección de ropa = clothing company.
    * confección del catálogo = catalogue production.
    * confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].
    * confección de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * confección del presupuesto = budgeting.
    * confección de papel = paper-making [papermaking].
    * confección de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking].
    * confección de prendas de vestir = dressmaking.
    * confección de tejidos = weaving.
    * experto en la confección de documentos web = text mark-up expert.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.
    * * *
    a) ( de trajes) tailoring; ( de vestidos) dressmaking

    de confección — ready-to-wear, off-the-peg

    b) ( de artefactos) making
    c) (de folleto, periódico) production; ( de lista) drawing-up
    d) ( de medicina) preparation
    * * *
    = assignment, authoring, build-up [buildup], drafting.

    Ex: Similar principles may be applied in the formulation and assignment of headings irrespective of the physical form of the document.

    Ex: This article presents a detailed discussion of the use of Hypermedia for authoring, organisation and presentation of information.
    Ex: No problem usually with terminals and micros but there could be an undesirable temperature build-up in confined areas.
    Ex: The preliminary work began immediately with the drafting of a questionnaire designed to collect pertinent data on the distribution of authority files.
    * compañía de confección de ropa = clothing company.
    * confección del catálogo = catalogue production.
    * confección de leyes = law-making [lawmaking/law making].
    * confección de libros = bookmaking [book making].
    * confección del presupuesto = budgeting.
    * confección de papel = paper-making [papermaking].
    * confección de políticas = policy making [policy-making/policymaking].
    * confección de prendas de vestir = dressmaking.
    * confección de tejidos = weaving.
    * experto en la confección de documentos web = text mark-up expert.
    * industria de la confección = clothing industry.
    * industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.

    * * *
    1 (de trajes) tailoring; (de vestidos) dressmaking
    industria de la confección clothing industry, garment industry, rag trade ( colloq)
    de confección ready-to-wear, off-the-peg
    [ S ] confecciones fashions
    3 (de un folleto, periódico) production; (de una lista) drawing-up; (de una maqueta) construction
    4 (de una medicina) preparation, making up
    * * *

     

    confección sustantivo femenino

    ( de vestidos) dressmaking;

    de confección ready-to-wear, off-the-peg

    confección sustantivo femenino
    1 Cost dressmaking, tailoring
    la industria de la confección, familiar the rag trade
    2 (realización) making, making up
    ' confección' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    corte
    - hechura
    - raja
    English:
    making
    - rag trade
    - ready
    - bunting
    - dry
    - manufacture
    - off
    * * *
    1. [de ropa] tailoring, dressmaking;
    el ramo de la confección the clothing o US garment industry;
    un traje/vestido de confección a ready-to-wear o ready-made o esp Br an off-the-peg suit/dress
    2. [de comida] preparation, making;
    [de lista] drawing up; [de estadística] production, preparation;
    la confección de las listas electorales the drawing up of the parties' lists of candidates
    * * *
    f
    1 de aparatos making
    2 de vestidos dressmaking; de trajes tailoring
    * * *
    1) : preparation
    2) : tailoring, dressmaking
    * * *
    1. (ropa) clothing
    2. (elaboración) making

    Spanish-English dictionary > confección

См. также в других словарях:

  • Book — A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is called a leaf, and each side of a leaf… …   Wikipedia

  • Book collecting — Some inexpensive collectible books Book collecting is the collecting of books, including seeking, locating, acquiring, organizing, cataloging, displaying, storing, and maintaining whatever books are of interest to a given individual collector.… …   Wikipedia

  • Dard Hunter — William Joseph Dard Hunter (November 29, 1883 – February 20, 1966) was an American authority on printing, paper, and papermaking especially by hand, using the tools and craft of four centuries prior. Hunter produced two hundred copies of his book …   Wikipedia

  • Four Great Inventions of ancient China — [ papermaking, outlined by Cai Lun in 105 AD] The Four Great Inventions of ancient China (zh tsp|t=四大發明|s=四大发明|p=sì dà fā míng, meaning four great inventions ) are four inventions that are celebrated in Chinese culture for their historical… …   Wikipedia

  • List of Chinese inventions — A bronze Chinese crossbow mechanism with a buttplate (the wooden components have …   Wikipedia

  • printing — /prin ting/, n. 1. the art, process, or business of producing books, newspapers, etc., by impression from movable types, plates, etc. 2. the act of a person or thing that prints. 3. words, symbols, etc., in printed form. 4. printed material. 5.… …   Universalium

  • Business and Industry Review — ▪ 1999 Introduction Overview        Annual Average Rates of Growth of Manufacturing Output, 1980 97, Table Pattern of Output, 1994 97, Table Index Numbers of Production, Employment, and Productivity in Manufacturing Industries, Table (For Annual… …   Universalium

  • Bookbinding — A traditional bookbinder at work Old bookbindings …   Wikipedia

  • Inventions in medieval Islam — A significant number of inventions were developed in the medieval Islamic world, a geopolitical region that has at various times extended from Al Andalus and Africa in the west to the Indian subcontinent and Malay Archipelago in the east.… …   Wikipedia

  • Printing press — For the history and technology of movable type, see Movable type. Printing press from 1811, exhibited in Munich, Germany …   Wikipedia

  • Four Great Inventions — Five major steps in papermaking, outlined by Cai Lun in AD 105 Traditional Chinese 四大發明 …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»